The whole subject reduces to one comparison: which rock resisted and which did not. Everything projecting is what held out, everything indented is what did not, and every feature between…
Three variables produce nearly every dune shape there is: how much sand there is, how many directions the wind blows from, and whether vegetation is holding anything down. Here are…
Almost every large cave system exists because slightly acidic water met soluble rock and took a very long time about it. The shape of what resulted records the route the…
Source: Wikipedia
There is an intuition about layered rock that is almost universal and substantially wrong.
The intuition is that layers accumulate steadily, like pages in a book, so that a…
Everything about a lake follows from how its basin was made. Ice, movement of the crust, volcanic collapse, dissolving rock and a river changing its mind all produce lakes, and…
The question worth asking at any waterfall is what makes the drop possible, because a river will otherwise smooth its own bed given enough time. Something is preventing that, and…