There is a distinction that changes how a whole category of coastal feature should be thought about, and it comes down to whether something is a population or a structure.…
There is a category of living thing that is truly difficult to classify, and lichens are the standard example.
The difficulty is not that they are obscure. They are everywhere…
Almost nothing about a reef is the animals. It is a structure they built, shaped by light, waves and water depth, and every part of its form is a record…
Two facts explain most of this: freezing requires a starting point, and water vapour can turn directly to ice without becoming liquid first. Here are twelve consequences.
1. Freezing Needs…
There is a recurring result in materials science that is worth stating as a general principle: arrangement frequently matters more than composition.
The lining of certain shells is the standard…
Wet ground forms where water arrives faster than it leaves. What happens afterwards - what grows, what was cut, what sank and what is buried - is all legible from…